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Nursing theories and nursing practice

Preface to the Third Edition



This book offers the perspective that nursing is a professional discipline with a body of knowledge that guides its practice. Nursing theories are an important part of this body of knowledge, and regardless of complexity or abstraction, reflect nursing and should be used by nurses to frame their thinking, action, and being in the world. As guides, nursing theo- ries are practical in nature and facilitate com- munication with those we serve as well as with colleagues, students, and others practic- ing in health-related services. Our hope is that this book illuminates for the reader the interrelationship between nursing theories and nursing practice, and that this will focus practice more meaningfully and make a dif- ference in the health and quality of life of people who are recipients of nursing care.
This very special book is intended to honor the work of nursing theorists and nurses who use these theories in their day-to-day practice, by reflecting and presenting the unique con- tributions of eminent nursing thinkers. Our foremost nursing theorists have written for this book, or their work has been described by nurses who have thorough knowledge of the theorist’s work and who have a deep respect for the theorist as person, nurse, and scholar. Indeed, to the extent possible, contributing authors have been selected by theorists to write about their work. Seven additional grand or middle range theories and the con- ceptualizations of an early nursing scholar have been added to this edition of the book. This expansion reflects the growth in nursing theory development especially at the middle range; it was not possible to include all exist- ing middle range theories in this volume.
This book is intended to assist nursing stu- dents in undergraduate, masters, and doctoral nursing programs to explore and appreciate

nursing theories and their use in nursing prac- tice and scholarship. In addition, and in response to calls from practicing nurses, this book is intended for use by those who desire to enrich their practice by the study of nursing theories and related illustrations of nursing practice. The contributing authors describe development processes and perspectives on the work, giving us a variety of views for the twenty-first century and beyond. Each chapter of the book includes both descriptions of a particular theory and an illustration of use of the theory in nursing practice. Each chapter offers a glimpse into the theory and how it might be used in practice. We anticipate that this will lead to deeper study of the theory by consulting published books and articles by the theorists and those working closely with the theory in practice or research.
The first section of the book provides an overview of nursing theory and a focus for thinking about evaluating and choosing nursing theory for use in nursing practice. Section II introduces the work of early nurs- ing scholars whose ideas provided a founda- tion for theory development. The nursing conceptual models and grand theories were clustered into three sections. Section III includes those that have been classified within the interactive-integrative paradigm, while the fourth section includes those in the unitary-transformative paradigm. We sepa- rated the grand theories that focus on caring within Section V. The final section includes a selection of middle range theories.
An outline at the beginning of each chap- ter provides a map for the contents. Major points are highlighted in each chapter. Since this book focuses on the relationship of nursing theory to nursing practice we invited the authors to share a practice exemplar. The



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research methods and key research findings related to the theories have been placed on the book’s website under “Additional Chapter Content” at http://davisplus.fadavis.com. We recognize the value of research in expanding nursing theory and in serving as a foundation for theory; however, this decision allowed us to focus the book more explicitly on theory and its relationship to practice. Having said this, readers will notice that not all the theo- rists chose to provide a practice exemplar, and some authors insisted on including research related to the theory in their chapters. Two chapters, 8 and 18, were not updated from the second edition.
The book’s website features materials that will enrich the teaching and learning of these nursing theories. Materials that will be help- ful for teaching and learning about nursing theories are included as online resources. For example, there are case studies and activities that facilitate student learning; powerpoint presentations are included in both instructor and student websites. We have cited online resources, more extensive bibliographies and have included biographies of chapter contri- butors. The ancillary materials for students and faculty have been prepared for this book by Dr. Shirley Gordon and a group of doctor- al students from Florida Atlantic University. We are so grateful to Dr. Gordon for her creativity and leadership and to the doctoral students for their thoughtful contributions to this project.
For the latest and best thinking of some of nursing’s finest scholars, all nurses who read and use this book will be grateful. For the continuing commitment of these scholars to our discipline and practice of nursing, we are all thankful. Continuing to learn and share what you love keeps the work and the love alive, nurtures the commitment, and offers both fun and frustration along the way. This has been illustrated in the enthusiasm for this book shared by many nursing theorists and contributing authors who have worked to cre- ate this book and by those who have added their efforts to make it live. For us, it is a joy to renew friendships with colleagues who

have joined in preparing this book and to find new friends and colleagues as contributing authors.
Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice, now in the third edition, has roots in a series of nursing theory conferences held in South Florida beginning in 1989 and ending when efforts to cope with the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew interrupted the energy and resources needed for planning and offer- ing the Fifth South Florida Nursing Theory Conference. Many of the theorists in this book addressed audiences of mostly practic- ing nurses at these conferences. Two books stimulated by those conferences and pub- lished by the National League for Nursing are Nursing Theories in Practice (1990) and Patterns of Nursing Theories in Practice (1993).
For me (Marilyn), even deeper roots of this book are found early in my nursing career, when I seriously considered leaving nursing for the study of pharmacy. In my fatigue and frustration, mixed with youthful hope and desire for more education, I could not answer the question “What is nursing?” and could not distinguish the work of nursing from other tasks I did every day. Why should I continue this work? Why should I seek degrees in a field that I could not define? After reflecting on these questions and using them to examine my nursing, I could find no one who would consider the questions with me. I remember being asked, “Why would you ask that ques- tion? You are a nurse; you must surely know what nursing is.” Such responses, along with a drive for serious consideration of my ques- tions, led me to the library. I clearly remember reading several descriptions of nursing that, I thought, could have just as well have been about social work or physical therapy. I then found nursing defined and explained in a book about education of practical nurses writ- ten by Dorothea Orem. During the weeks that followed, as I did my work of nursing in the hospital, I explored Orem’s ideas about why people need nursing, nursing’s purposes, and what nurses do. I found a fit of her ideas, as I understood them, with my practice, and

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I learned that I could go even further to explain and design nursing according to these ways of thinking about nursing. I discovered that nursing shared some knowledge and practices with other services, such as pharma- cy and medicine, and I began to distinguish nursing from these related fields of practice. I decided to stay in nursing and made plans to study and work with Dorothea Orem. In addition to learning about nursing theory and its meaning in all we do, I learned from Dorothea that nursing is a unique disci- pline of knowledge and professional practice. In many ways, my earliest questions about nursing have guided my subsequent study and work. Most of what I have done in nursing has been a continuation of my initial experi- ence of the interrelations of all aspects of nursing scholarship, including the scholarship that is nursing practice. Over the years, I have been privileged to work with many nursing scholars, some of whom are featured in this book. My love for nursing and my respect for our discipline and practice have deepened, and knowing now that these values are so often shared is a singular joy.
Marlaine’s interest in nursing theory had similar origins to Marilyn’s. As a nurse pursu- ing an interdisciplinary master’s degree in public health I recognized that while all the other public health disciplines had some unique perspective to share, public health nursing seemed to lack a clear identity. In search of the identity of nursing I pursued a second master’s in nursing. At that time nurs- ing theory was beginning to garner attention, and I learned about it from my teachers and mentors Sr. Rosemary Donley, Dr. Rosemarie Parse and Dr. Mary Jane Smith. This discov- ery was the answer I was seeking, and it both expanded and focused my thinking about nursing. The question of “What is nursing?” was answered for me by these theories and I couldn’t get enough! It led to my decision to pursue my PhD in Nursing at New York University where I studied with Martha Rogers. During this same time I taught at Duquesne University with Rosemarie Parse and learned more about Man-Living-Health,

which is now humanbecoming. I conducted several studies based on Rogers’ conceptual sys- tem and Parse’s theory. At theory conferences I was fortunate to dialogue with Virginia Henderson, Hildegard Peplau, Imogene King and Madeleine Leininger. In 1988 I accepted a faculty position at the University of Colorado when Jean Watson was Dean. The School of Nursing was guided by a caring philosophy and framework and I embraced caring as a central focus of the discipline of nursing. I had studied Newman’s theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness and was intrigued by it, so for my sabbatical I decided to study it further as well as learn more about the unitary appreciative inquiry process that Richard Cowling was developing.
We both have been fortunate to hold faculty appointments in universities where nursing theory has been valued, and we are fortunate today to hold positions at the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing at Florida Atlantic University where faculty and students ground their teaching scholarship and practice on caring theories, including Nursing as Caring, developed by Dean Anne Boykin and a previous faculty member at the College, Savina Schoenhofer. Many faculty colleagues and students continue to help us study nursing and have contributed to this book in ways we would never have adequate words to acknowledge. We are grateful to our knowledgeable colleagues who reviewed and offered helpful suggestions for chapters of this book, and we sincerely thank those who con- tributed to the book as chapter authors. It is also our good fortune that many nursing the- orists and other nursing scholars live in or willingly visit our lovely state of Florida. Since the first edition of this book was published we have lost several nursing theorists. Their work continues through those refining, modifying, testing and expanding the theories. The disci- pline of nursing is expanding with more research and practice in existing theories and the introduction of new theories. This is espe- cially important at a time when nursing theory can provide what is missing and needed most in health care today.



All three editions of this book have been nurtured by Joanne DaCunha, an expert nurse and editor for F. A. Davis Company, who has shepherded this project and others because of her love of nursing. We are both grateful for her wisdom, kindness, patience and understanding of nursing. We give special thanks to Kimberly DePaul and Maria Price of F. A. Davis, for their gentle and wise edito- rial assistance, attention to detail, and creative ideas during the development of the project and to Berta Steiner who so carefully directed the book’s production. Marilyn thanks her

husband, Terry Worden, for his abiding love and for always being willing to help, and her niece, Cherie Parker, who represents many nurses who love nursing practice and scholar- ship and thus inspire the work of this book. Marlaine acknowledges her husband Brian for his love and support, and her children Kirsten, Alicia and Brady for their under- standing, and gives special recognition to her parents, Deno and Rose Cappelli, for instill- ing in her the love of learning, the value of hard work, and the importance of caring for others.


MAR ILYN E. PARK ER MARL AINE C. SMI TH
WES T PALM BEACH , FLO RI DA BOC A RAT O N , FLO RI DA

Ketersediaan
P00129S610.7301 MAR nMy LibraryTersedia
Informasi Detail
Judul Seri
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No. Panggil
610.7301 MAR n
Penerbit
Philadelphia : F. A. Davis Company.,
Deskripsi Fisik
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Bahasa
English
ISBN/ISSN
9780803621688
Klasifikasi
610.7301
Tipe Isi
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Tipe Media
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Tipe Pembawa
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Edisi
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Subjek
Nursing Theory
Info Detail Spesifik
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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab
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